Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the scientific study of how the nervous system, endocrine signals, and immune responses communicate bidirectionally to influence health and behaviour. This article explains the core mechanisms—hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines—by which psychological states alter immunity and, conversely, how immune signals shape mood and cognition. Readers will learn how acute and chronic stress differentially affect immune function, which neuroimmune pathways (HPA axis, Vagus nerve, sympathetic system) mediate these effects, and practical lifestyle and psychological interventions that modulate those pathways. The guide maps everyday examples, clinical relevance for autoimmune and chronic diseases, and emerging research directions such as neuromodulation and biomarker-driven personalization. Throughout, the content integrates current research perspectives and actionable recommendations to help clinicians, students, and informed readers appreciate both the mechanisms and practical implications of PNI.
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